NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

Control and Coordination Class 10:- Control and coordination are fundamental processes that allow organisms to interact with their environment, respond to stimuli, and maintain homeostasis. In Class 10 Science, the chapter on Control and Coordination explores how living organisms, from plants to animals, manage these vital functions through complex systems. Check out the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control and Coordination from the below article.

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Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes

Check out  control and coordination class 10 questions and answers below:- 

1. What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?

Solution:

• Reflex Action:

• Nature: Reflex actions are automatic, involuntary responses to a stimulus. They occur without conscious thought or decision.

• Control: These actions are controlled by the spinal cord and sometimes the brainstem. The process involves a reflex arc, which includes sensory neurons, an interneuron in the spinal cord, and motor neurons.

• Speed: Reflex actions are very quick, allowing for immediate responses to potentially harmful stimuli. For example, touching a hot surface triggers a reflex action to pull your hand away quickly.

• Example: Blinking in response to a bright light or sudden movement.

• Walking:

• Nature: Walking is a voluntary action that involves conscious control and coordination of the body. It is a learned skill that requires practice and coordination.

• Control: Walking is regulated by the cerebellum and cerebral cortex of the brain. It involves the coordination of sensory inputs (e.g., balance and spatial awareness) with motor outputs (muscle movements).

• Speed: The process is not as instantaneous as reflex actions; it involves a series of planned and executed movements.

• Example: Deciding to walk to a specific location involves planning, coordination, and balance.

Read More: NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6

2. What happens at the synapse between two neurons?

Solution:

At the synapse, which is the junction between two neurons:

• Transmission of Electrical Signal: An electrical impulse travels along the axon of the presynaptic neuron.

• Conversion to Chemical Signal: When the electrical signal reaches the end of the axon (axon terminal), it triggers the release of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) into the synaptic cleft (the gap between neurons).

• Crossing the Synapse: These neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron's membrane.

• Reconversion to Electrical Signal: Binding of neurotransmitters to receptors causes changes in the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential, converting the chemical signal back into an electrical impulse.

• Result: The electrical impulse then travels along the postsynaptic neuron, continuing the transmission of the signal.

3. Which part of the brain maintains the posture and equilibrium of the body?

Solution:

The cerebellum is primarily responsible for:

• Posture Maintenance: The cerebellum helps in maintaining balance and posture by integrating sensory information from the inner ear, eyes, and proprioceptors (sensory receptors in muscles and joints).

• Equilibrium: It fine-tunes motor activities to ensure smooth, coordinated movements and balance.

• Function: It receives information about body position and muscle movements and adjusts the motor commands to maintain proper posture and equilibrium.

4. How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti (incense stick)?

Solution:

• Detection Process:

• Olfactory Receptors: Specialized sensory cells in the nasal cavity (olfactory receptors) detect odor molecules from the incense stick.

• Signal Transmission: These receptors generate electrical signals in response to the odor molecules.

• Signal Processing: The electrical signals are transmitted via the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb in the brain.

• Interpretation: The olfactory bulb processes these signals and sends them to the olfactory cortex in the forebrain, where the scent is recognized and interpreted.

5. What is the role of the brain in reflex action?

Solution:

• Initial Response: Reflex actions are initially processed by the spinal cord to produce an immediate response to a stimulus. This process involves a reflex arc that includes sensory neurons, interneurons in the spinal cord, and motor neurons.

• Brain's Role:

• Recording and Memory: Although the reflex action itself does not require conscious thought, the brain receives information about the reflex action, allowing it to record and remember the event.

• Future Awareness: This information helps the brain to be aware of potential dangers and to adjust future behavior to avoid similar situations.

6. What are plant hormones?

Solution: Plant hormones, also known as phytohormones, are chemical substances produced in one part of a plant and transported to other parts to regulate various functions. Key plant hormones include:

• Auxins: Promote cell elongation and are involved in plant growth processes such as phototropism and gravitropism.

• Gibberellins: Stimulate stem elongation, seed germination, and flowering.

• Cytokinins: Promote cell division and are involved in shoot formation and leaf senescence.

• Abscisic Acid (ABA): Inhibits growth, promotes seed dormancy, and helps plants respond to stress conditions such as drought.

• Ethylene: Regulates fruit ripening, leaf abscission, and responses to mechanical stress.

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7. How is the movement of leaves of a sensitive plant different from the movement of a shoot towards light?

Solution:

8. Give an example of a plant hormone that promotes growth.

Solution:

• Auxins: These hormones are essential for cell elongation and differentiation in plants. They are involved in various growth processes, including phototropism (growth towards light) and gravitropism (growth in response to gravity).

• Gibberellins: These hormones promote stem elongation, seed germination, and flowering. They are critical for the growth and development of plants, especially in response to environmental conditions.

9. How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril around a support?

Solution:

• Auxin Distribution: Auxins accumulate on the side of the tendril away from the support when the tendril touches the support.

• Growth Response: The higher concentration of auxins on the side away from the support causes those cells to elongate more rapidly than the cells on the side in contact with the support.

• Bending: As a result, the tendril bends towards the support, allowing the plant to secure itself and climb efficiently.

10. Design an experiment to demonstrate hydrotropism.

Solution:

Experiment:

• Materials: Pot with soil, a porous pot, water, seedling.

• Procedure:

1. Plant a seedling in a pot filled with soil.

2. Place a porous pot containing water next to the seedling.

3. Keep the setup undisturbed for several days.

• Observation: The roots of the seedling will bend towards the water source.

• Result: This demonstrates hydrotropism, where roots grow towards areas of higher water concentration.

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11. How does chemical coordination take place in animals?

Solution:

• Hormones: Chemical coordination in animals is achieved through hormones secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream.

• Mechanism:

• Secretion: Hormones are released by glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.

• Transport: They travel through the blood to target organs or tissues.

• Action: Hormones bind to specific receptors on target cells, influencing various physiological processes such as growth, metabolism, and homeostasis.

• Examples: Thyroxine regulates metabolism, insulin controls blood glucose levels, and adrenaline prepares the body for stress responses.

12. Why is the use of iodized salt advisable?

Solution:

• Iodine Requirement: Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, including thyroxine.

• Deficiency: A lack of iodine leads to reduced production of thyroxine, resulting in metabolic disorders such as goitre (enlarged thyroid gland) and hypothyroidism.

• Prevention: Iodized salt provides a readily available source of iodine, helping to prevent these deficiencies and maintain proper thyroid function.

13. How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood?

Solution:

• Effects: Adrenaline (epinephrine) is released during stress or excitement, initiating the "fight or flight" response.

• Physiological Changes:

• Heart Rate: Increases to pump more blood to muscles and vital organs.

• Breathing Rate: Increases to supply more oxygen to the blood.

• Blood Pressure: Rises to improve blood flow.

• Blood Glucose Levels: Increase as adrenaline stimulates the release of glucose from the liver, providing extra energy.

14. Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin?

Solution:

• Diabetes: Diabetes results from insufficient insulin production by the pancreas or ineffective use of insulin in the body.

• Insulin Role: Insulin helps regulate blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells and converting excess glucose into glycogen for storage.

• Treatment: Insulin injections are used to provide the necessary insulin for patients with diabetes, helping to control blood glucose levels and prevent complications associated with high blood sugar.

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15. How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?

Solution:

16. Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal mechanisms for control and coordination in animals.

Solution:

17. What is the difference between the manner in which movement takes place in a sensitive plant and the movement in our legs?

Solution: 

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Control and Coordination Class 10 Summary

The chapter on Control and Coordination in Class 10 Science explains how organisms regulate and coordinate various activities in their bodies to maintain stability and respond to changes in their environment. The chapter is divided into two main sections: the nervous system and the endocrine system.

1. Nervous System:

• Structure and Function: The nervous system is composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for detecting stimuli, processing information, and generating appropriate responses.

• Neurons: These are the functional units of the nervous system, transmitting electrical impulses throughout the body.

2. Endocrine System:

• Hormones: The endocrine system uses chemical messengers called hormones, secreted by glands, to regulate various bodily functions such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

• Key Glands: The chapter highlights important glands like the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, explaining their roles in maintaining homeostasis.

3. Plant Movements:

• Tropisms: Plants exhibit directional growth movements in response to external stimuli like light (phototropism) and gravity (gravitropism).

• Nastic Movements: These are non-directional movements in response to stimuli, such as the closing of leaves in a sensitive plant when touched.

Control and Coordination Class 10 FAQs

Q1. What is the role of the nervous system in control and coordination?

Ans. The nervous system detects changes in the environment through sensory receptors, processes this information in the brain and spinal cord, and sends signals to muscles and glands to initiate appropriate responses.

Q2. What are reflex actions, and how do they work?

Ans. Reflex actions are involuntary and immediate responses to stimuli that occur without conscious thought. They involve a reflex arc that typically includes sensory neurons, the spinal cord, and motor neurons.

Q3. How do plants exhibit control and coordination?

Ans. Plants show control and coordination through hormones like auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins, which regulate growth and responses to environmental stimuli. They also exhibit movements like phototropism (towards light) and gravitropism (in response to gravity).