CBSE Class 12 Economics Notes For 2025 Board Exams
CBSE Class 12 Notes Economics for 2025 Board Exams: Students who are studying in class 12 can check the Class 12 Economics Notes for the better understanding of the subject in this article. The subject matter expert of Physics Wallah has developed Class 12 Economics Notes to help the students in their preparation for CBSE Class 12 board exam. Economics Class 12 includes two sections such as Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. These two sections include topics such as National Income and Related Aggregates, Money and Banking, Determination of Income and Employment, Theory of Consumer Behaviour, The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition, etc. Students must follow a well-structured Economics Class 12 prepatation tips to secure a good marks in that section.
Economics Notes Class 12 PDF
Students can download Economics Notes Class 12 PDF in the table below. Economics Class 12 Syllabus is divided into two sections i.e., Macro Economics and Micro Economics. Students can check Economics Notes Class 12 PDF for each unit of these two sections in the below table.
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Economics Notes Class 12 PDF |
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Macro Economics Notes |
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Unit 1 |
Introduction to Macro Economics |
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Unit 2 |
National Income and Related Aggregates |
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Unit 3 |
Money and Banking |
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Unit 4 |
Determination of Income and Employment |
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Unit 5 |
Government Budget and the Economy |
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Unit 6 |
Open Economy Macroeconomics |
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Micro Economics Notes |
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Unit 1 |
Introduction to Micro Economics |
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Unit 2 |
Theory of Consumer Behaviour |
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Unit 3 |
Production and Costs |
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Unit 4 |
The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition |
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Unit 5 |
Market Equilibrium |
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Unit 6 |
Non-competitive Markets |
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Economics Class 12 Syllabus 2025
Students who are preparing for Economics Class 12 exam can check the table below for Economics Class 12 Syllabus 2025. National Income and Related Aggregates, Money and Banking, Determination of Income and Employment, Theory of Consumer Behaviour, The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition, etc are the topics included in Economics Class 12 Syllabus 2025.
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Economics Class 12 Syllabus 2025 |
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Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics |
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Unit 1: National Income and Related Aggregates (30 Periods) What is Macroeconomics? Basic concepts in macroeconomics: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation. Circular flow of income (two sector model); Methods of calculating National Income - Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method. Aggregates related to National Income: Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Net Domestic Product (NDP) - at market price, at factor cost; Real and Nominal GDP GDP Deflator, GDP and Welfare |
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Unit 2: Money and Banking (15 Periods) Money – meaning and functions, supply of money - Currency held by the public and net demand deposits held by commercial banks. Money creation by the commercial banking system. Central bank and its functions (example of the Reserve Bank of India): Bank of issue, Govt. Bank, Banker's Bank, Control of Credit through Bank Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Open Market Operations, and Margin requirement. |
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Unit 3: Determination of Income and Employment (30 Periods) Aggregate demand and its components. Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal). Short-run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its mechanism. Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment. Problems of excess demand and deficient demand; measures to correct them - changes in government spending, taxes and money supply. |
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Unit 4: Government Budget and the Economy (17 Periods) Government budget - meaning, objectives and components. Classification of receipts - revenue receipts and capital receipts; Classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure. Balanced, Surplus and Deficit Budget – measures of government deficit. |
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Unit 5: Balance of Payments (18 Periods) Balance of payments account - meaning and components; Balance of payments – Surplus and Deficit Foreign exchange rate - meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed floating. Determination of exchange rate in a free market, Merits and demerits of flexible and fixed exchange rate. Managed Floating exchange rate system |
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Part B: Indian Economic Development |
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Unit 6: Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991: (28 Periods) A brief introduction of the state of Indian economy on the eve of independence. Indian economic system and common goals of Five Year Plans. Main features, problems and policies of agriculture (institutional aspects and new agricultural strategy), industry (IPR 1956; SSI – role & importance) and foreign trade. Economic Reforms since 1991: Features and appraisals of liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation (LPG policy); Concepts of demonetization and GST |
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Unit 7: Current challenges facing Indian Economy (60 Periods) Human Capital Formation: How people become resource; Role of human capital in economic development; Growth of Education Sector in India Rural development: Key issues - credit and marketing - role of cooperatives; agricultural diversification; alternative farming - organic farming Employment: Growth and changes in work force participation rate in formal and informal sectors; problems and policies Sustainable Economic Development: Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on Resources and Environment, including global warming |
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Unit 8: Development Experience of India: (12 Periods) A comparison with neighbours India and Pakistan India and China Issues: economic growth, population, sectoral development and other Human Development Indicators |
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Part C: Project in Economics (20 Periods) |
Read More: CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2024-25 Board Exams
Class 12 Economics List of Projects
Students can check the list of Class 12 Economics projects in the table below. Students can choose any of these topics or ask their teachers for more topics.
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Class XII |
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Micro and Small Scale Industries |
Food Supply Channel in India |
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Contemporary Employment situation in India |
Disinvestment policy of the government |
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Goods and Services Tax Act and its Impact on GDP |
Health Expenditure (of any state) |
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Human Development Index |
Inclusive Growth Strategy |
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Self-help group |
Trends in Credit availability in India |
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Monetary Policy Committee and its functions |
Role of RBI in Control of Credit |
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Government Budget & its Components |
Trends in budgetary condition of India |
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Exchange Rate determination – Methods and Techniques |
Currency War – reasons and repercussions |
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Livestock – Backbone of Rural India |
Alternate fuel – types and importance |
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Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan – Cost Ratio Benefits |
Golden Quadrilateral- Cost ratio benefit |
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Minimum Support Prices |
Relation between Stock Price Index and Economic Health of a Nation |
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Waste Management in India – Need of the hour |
Minimum Wage Rate – Approach and Application |
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Digital India- Step towards the future |
Rain Water Harvesting – A solution to water crisis |
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Vertical Farming – An alternate way |
Silk Route- Revival of the past |
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Make in India – The way ahead |
Bumper Production- Boon or Bane for the farmer |
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Rise of Concrete Jungle- Trend Analysis |
Organic Farming – Back to the Nature |
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Aatmanirbhar Bharat |
e-Rupee (e- ₹) |
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Sri Lanka’s Economic Crisis |
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) |
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Environmental Crisis |
Comparative Study of Economies (Maximum three economies) |
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New Education Policy (NEP) 2020: A Promise for a New Education System |
G-20: Inclusive and Action Oriented |
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Amrit Kaal: Empowered and Inclusive Economy |
Cashless Economy |
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Any other newspaper article and its evaluation on basis of economic principles |
Any other topic |
Check out: CBSE Class 12 Economics Sample Question Papers for 2025 Exam
Importance of Class 12 Economics Notes
Students can check the importance of Class 12 Economics Notes below
Foundation for Exams: These notes provide a strong base for various entrance exams, like CUET, where economics is often a key subject.
Simplified Concepts: Notes help break down complex economic ideas, making them easier to understand and remember. This is especially useful when preparing for tests.
Quick Revision: Having short notes allows students to quickly review important topics without having to read through entire textbooks. This is helpful just before exams.
Focus on Key Terms: Class 12 Economics notes usually highlight important terms, definitions, and formulas, which are crucial for answering exam questions correctly.
Better Retention: Writing and summarizing notes helps students remember information better. Engaging with the material makes it easier to understand.
Effective Study Tool: Notes are great for studying for class tests and quizzes. They can also be shared with friends for group study.
Clarification of Doubts: Well-organized notes can help clear up confusion by providing clear information on different economic topics.
Preparation for Future Studies: A good understanding of Class 12 Economics sets the stage for further studies in economics or related fields in college.
Improved Analytical Skills: Reviewing notes helps students develop critical thinking and analytical skills, which are valuable in both school and real life.
Saves Time: Having organized notes saves time during study sessions, allowing students to focus on understanding rather than searching for information.
Check out: CBSE Class 12 Humanities Stream Combined Sample Papers For 2024-2025 Board Exams
Class 12 Economics Notes FAQs
Q1. What are CBSE Class 12 Economics notes?
Ans. CBSE Class 12 Economics notes are concise summaries of key concepts, theories, and definitions from the Class 12 Economics syllabus, designed to help students study and revise effectively.
Q2. Why are these notes important?
Ans. These notes are important because they simplify complex topics, aid in quick revision, and help reinforce learning, making it easier for students to prepare for exams.
Q3. What are some tips for effective revision using these notes?
Ans. For effective revision, regularly review the notes, practice summarizing topics, and test yourself with questions based on the notes to reinforce learning.
Q4. Where to download Class 12 Economics Notes?
Ans. Students can download Class 12 Economics Notes at the official website of Physics Wallah or in this article.
