Fundamental Rights – Articles 12 to 35 of the Indian Constitution

Fundamental Rights are the essential liberties guaranteed by Part III of the Indian Constitution (Articles 12 to 35). They protect citizens against state overreach, ensuring equality, freedom, and justice. If the courts violate these rights, individuals can take legal action.

Imagine living in a world where you aren't allowed to speak your mind or go to school. To prevent this, these rights were added to our Constitution. These "Magna Carta" provisions ensure every person lives with dignity. This guide makes it easier for students searching for articles 12 to 35 of Indian constitution notes to understand and revise quickly.

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What are Fundamental Rights?

A set of basic human rights guaranteed to all citizens of India, regardless of their race, caste, place of birth, religion, or gender. These are enshrined in Part III of the Constitution. They are called "fundamental" because they are essential for the holistic development of an individual—intellectual, moral, and spiritual.

Unlike ordinary legal rights, a person can directly approach the Supreme Court or High Courts if these are breached. Originally, there were seven rights, but the Right to Property was removed, leaving us with six rights today.

Learning the basic rights helps you become a responsible citizen. Whether it is knowing that you cannot be punished twice for the same offence (Article 20) or knowing your right to free education (Article 21A), these laws shield you from injustice. They transform us from "subjects" of a ruler into "citizens" with a voice.

Articles 12 to 35 of the Indian Constitution

Articles 12 to 35 cover everything from the definition of the "State" to the remedies available if rights are taken away. Here is a breakdown of the opening articles:

• Article 12: Defines the "State". This includes the Government and Parliament of India, local authorities like municipalities, and other statutory bodies.

• Article 13: Declares that any law that contradicts these rights shall be void. This gives the courts the power of judicial review.

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The Six Fundamental Rights in Indian Constitution

The Constitution categorises these liberties into six distinct groups. Below is a detailed fundamental rights Indian constitution summary table for quick reference:

1. Right to Equality (Articles 14–18)

The foundation is built on the promise of equality.

• Article 14: Ensures equality before the law.

• Article 15: Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. This is where rights for women are strengthened, as it allows the State to make special provisions for them.

• Article 16: Equality of opportunity in public employment.

• Article 17: Abolition of Untouchability.

• Article 18: Abolition of titles (except military or academic).

2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22)

These are often considered the backbone of our constitutional freedoms. Article 19 guarantees six freedoms:

• Speech and expression.

• Peaceful assembly.

• Forming associations/unions.

• Moving freely throughout India.

• Residing in any part of the country.

• Practising any profession.

The examples under this category include your right to express your views on social media or move from one state to another for education. Article 21 is particularly vital, as it protects "Life and Personal Liberty".

3. Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23–24)

These rights protect the vulnerable. Article 23 prohibits human trafficking and forced labour (begar). Article 24 forbids the employment of children under the age of 14 in hazardous industries like factories or mines.

4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28)

India is a secular country. These rights allow every person to profess, practice, and propagate their religion. It also ensures that no person is forced to pay taxes for the promotion of any specific religion.

5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30)

They protect the heritage of minorities. They have the right to conserve their distinct language, script, or culture and establish their own educational institutions.

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

Dr B.R. Ambedkar called this article the "Heart and Soul" of the Constitution. Without it, all other rights would be just words on paper. It allows citizens to ask the Supreme Court to issue "writs" like habeas corpus or mandamus to protect their liberties.

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Special Provisions and Fundamental Rights for Women

The Indian Constitution is unique because it recognises that equality doesn't mean treating everyone exactly the same but rather giving extra support to those who need it. These rights are specifically highlighted under Article 15(3), which empowers the State to create special laws for women and children. This includes maternity benefits or reserved seats in local bodies, ensuring that they truly empower every section of society.

Limitations of Fundamental Rights of the Constitution

While these rights are essential, they are not absolute. The State can impose "reasonable restrictions" to protect national security, public order, or morality. During a national emergency, the president can suspend the right to move the courts for the enforcement of these rights, except for Articles 20 and 21, which can never be taken away.

Read More: Salient Features of Indian Constitution

Fundamental Rights FAQs

What is the fundamental rights definition in simple terms?

They refer to the basic liberties guaranteed by Part III of the Indian Constitution that protect citizens from unfair treatment by the State and ensure personal growth.

Are there any specific rights for women?

While all rights apply to everyone, they are reinforced by Article 15, which allows the government to make special legal provisions to ensure their safety and welfare.

Can you give some fundamental rights examples in daily life?

Common examples include the freedom to choose your career, the right to travel anywhere in India, and the right to practice your own religion without interference.

Can the government take away the right to life and personal liberty? 

No, according to Article 21, no person can be deprived of their life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law. This protection is so strong that it remains active even during a national emergency.