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CBSE Class 10 Geography Notes Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy ...

CBSE Class 10 Geography Notes Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources

Author at PW

February 26, 2025

CBSE Class 10 Geography Notes Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources: Class 10 represents a pivotal moment in your academic journey, marking the transition from basic education to specialized learning. This year serves as a foundation that shapes your future academic and career choices. Let's understand why this year is so important and how geography, particularly the study of minerals and energy resources, fits into your educational development. This comprehensive guide covers everything you need to know about Chapter 5, from the basics of mineral classification to the latest developments in energy resources. Whether you're preparing for exams or seeking to enhance your knowledge, these detailed notes will serve as your perfect study companion.

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CBSE Class 10 Social Science Geography Notes Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources

We will discuss the Geography notes of chapter 5 below. You will find important topics to learn and remember.

What is Mineral?

Minerals are nature’s gifts hidden deep in the earth. These treasures come in all shapes, sizes, and colors. Minerals are usually found in “ores”. The term ore is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements. Minerals generally occur in the following forms:

Minerals can be found in the joints, fractures, fissures, and cracks of igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Several minerals are found in beds or layers in sedimentary rocks.
The minerals are also formed by the breakdown of surface rocks and the extraction of soluble components.
Alluvial deposits of minerals can also be found in the sands at the foot of hills and on valley floors.
There is a tonne of minerals in the ocean.

Ferrous Minerals

Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals.

Iron ore

India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore.
Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron, up to 70%. It has excellent magnetic qualities.
Hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore. It contains 50 to 60% iron.

The major iron ore belts in India are

Odisha-Jharkhand belt
Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt
Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt
Maharashtra-Goa belt

Manganese

It is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferromanganese alloy.
Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture 1 tonne of steel.
It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides, and paints.

Non-Ferrous Minerals

Non-ferrous minerals include copper, bauxite, lead, zinc, and gold. These minerals play a vital role in several metallurgical, engineering, and electrical industries.

Copper

A malleable, ductile, and good conductor of heat and electricity.
Mainly used in electrical cables, electronics, and chemical industries.
The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, the Khetri mines in Rajasthan and the Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading producers of copper.

Bauxite

Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminum silicates.
Aluminum is obtained from bauxite. Aluminium has good conductivity and great malleability.
Deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills, and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.

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Non-Metallic Minerals

Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. It can be clear, black, green, red, yellow or brown.
Mica is the most indispensable mineral used in the electric and electronic industries.
It has excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties, and resistance to high voltage.
Mica deposits are found on the northern edge of the Chota Nagpur Plateau.

Rock Minerals

Limestone is found in rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates.
It is the basic raw material for the cement industry and essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.

Conservation of Minerals

One non-renewable resource is mineral wealth. The creation and concentration of minerals take thousands of years.

Mineral reserves are depleted as ores are extracted further. Therefore, it’s critical to take the required actions to enable the planned and sustainable use of mineral resources.

Energy Resources

Energy resources can be classified as

Conventional Sources: These include firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas, and electricity.
Non-Conventional Sources: These include solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic energy.

Let us discuss each of them in detail.

Conventional Sources of Energy

Coal:

It is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.
It is used for power generation, to supply energy to the industry as well as for domestic needs.
Lignite is a low-grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content.
Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures is bituminous coal.
Anthracite is the highest quality of hard coal.
Jharia, Raniganj, and Bokaro are important coalfields.

Petroleum

It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries.
Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertilizer and numerous chemical industries.
Mumbai High, Gujarat and Assam are major petroleum production areas in India.

Natural Gas

Natural gas is an important clean energy resource. It is considered an environment-friendly fuel.

The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural gas.

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is used in vehicles to replace liquid fuels.

Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari basin.

Electricity

Electricity is generated mainly in 2 ways:

By running water which drives hydro turbines to generate Hydro Electricity. It is a renewable resource of energy. India has a number of multi-purpose projects like the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley Corporation, the Kopili Hydel Project.
By burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce Thermal Power. It uses non-renewable fossil fuels for generating electricity.

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Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

Renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material are called Non-Conventional Energy Sources. Let’s discuss them one by one.

Nuclear or Atomic Energy

Nuclear Energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms. Uranium and Thorium are used for generating atomic or nuclear power.

Solar Energy

Solar energy is produced by the Sun’s light. Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity.

Wind Power

Wind Energy or Power is the use of wind to generate electricity. Wind turbines are used for this purpose. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagercoil to Madurai.

Biogas

One kind of biofuel that is naturally produced when organic waste breaks down is called biogas. The most effective way to use cow dung is to create biogas. It raises the manure’s quality.

Tidal Energy

Tidal energy is the form of hydropower that converts the energy obtained from tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity.

In India, the Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kachchh in Gujarat on the western coast and the Gangetic Delta in the Sunderban regions of West Bengal provide ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy.

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Geo-Thermal Energy

Geo-thermal energy is the term used to describe the process of producing heat and power from the earth’s interior.

Geothermal energy is extracted in India from Puga Valley in Ladakh and Parvati Valley in Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh.

Conservation of Energy Resources

Energy inputs are required by all areas of the national economy, including agriculture, industry, transportation, commerce, and domestic use. Creating a sustainable course for energy development is important.

The following are some methods that each of us may help conserve energy resources: